A directory of where to buy chemicals in the USA, including: distributors, industrial manufacturers, bulk supplies and wholesalers of raw ingredients & finished goods.
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 1- (2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) ethanone; Paeonol. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 552-41-0. Pack Sizes: 25g, 50g, 100g, 250g. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone 99+% (HPLC)
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone 99+% (HPLC). Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Reagent Grade. Pack Sizes: 5g, 25g, 100g, 250g. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 673-22-3. Pack Sizes: 10g, 25g, 50g, 100g, 250g. Molecular Formula: C8H8O3. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde
2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor [1]. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, an isomer of Vanillin, could be used to synthesis Urolithin M7 [2]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Natural products. CAS No. 673-22-3. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 1 g. Product ID: HY-N0445.
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde 98+% (GC)
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde 98+% (GC). Group: Biochemicals. Grades: GC. Pack Sizes: 5g, 25g, 100g, 250g, 1Kg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy Benzene carbohydrazide
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy Benzene carbohydrazide. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid hydrazide. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 41697-08-9. Pack Sizes: 500mg, 1g, 2g, 5g, 10g. US Biological Life Sciences.
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzonitrile. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 39835-11-5. Pack Sizes: 1g, 2g, 5g, 10g, 25g. Molecular Formula: C8H7NO2. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone
2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone appears as white to off-white or light yellow powder. (NTP, 1992);DryPowder; Liquid;Solid. Group: Plastic additivespolymers. Alternative Names: Oxybenzone. CAS No. 131-57-7. Product ID: (2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-phenylmethanone. Molecular formula: 228. Mole weight: C14H12O3. COC1=CC(=C(C=C1)C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2)O. InChI=1S/C14H12O3/c1-17-11-7-8-12 (13 (15)9-11)14 (16)10-5-3-2-4-6-10/h2-9, 15H, 1H3. DXGLGDHPHMLXJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N.
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone
Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone. CAS No. 131-57-7. Categories: oxybenzone.
Pennsylvania PA
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (benzophenone-3) is commonly employed as broad-band UV-filter in sunscreen cosmetic products. It protects skin from the deleterious effects of the sun. It is one of the sunscreen constituent and its trace determination in water samples by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection has been reported. Uses: Used as an ultraviolet light absorber and stabilizer (especially in plastics), photostabilizer for synthetic resins, and topical sunscreen agent. Synonyms: (2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-phenylmethanone. Grades: > 98 %. CAS No. 131-57-7. Molecular formula: C14H12O3. Mole weight: 228.24.
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid
25g Pack Size. Group: Building Blocks, Organics. Formula: C14H12O6S. CAS No. 4065-45-6. Prepack ID 39486176-25g. Molecular Weight 308.31. See USA prepack pricing.
2-Hydroxy-4-methyl-6- (trifluoromethyl) nicotinonitrile. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 116548-08-4. Pack Sizes: 100mg, 250mg. Molecular Formula: C8H5F3N2O, Molecular Weight: 202.13. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methylacetophenone
2-Hydroxy-4-methylacetophenone. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 1-(2-Hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)ethan-1-one. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 6921-64-8. Pack Sizes: 10g, 25g, 50g, 100g. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2'-Hydroxy-4'-methylacetophenone
2'-Hydroxy-4'-methylacetophenone, a phenolic compound isolated from Angelicae koreana roots possesses acaricidal property [1]. It could be used in the preparation of 4-methyl-2-[(p-tolylsulfonyl) oxy] acetophenone [2]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Natural products. CAS No. 6921-64-8. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 g; 10 g; 25 g. Product ID: HY-34204.
2-Hydroxy-4-methylacetophenone 98+% (GC)
2-Hydroxy-4-methylacetophenone 98+% (GC). Group: Biochemicals. Grades: GC. CAS No. 6921-64-8. Pack Sizes: 1g, 5g, 25g, 100g. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde
2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde is an endogenous metabolite. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Natural products. CAS No. 698-27-1. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 1 g; 5 g; 10 g. Product ID: HY-W007888.
2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonic Acid
2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonic Acid is a by-product during the synthesis of 4-Hydroxy-2-methylbenzenesulfonic Acid (H972825), which is derived from m-Cresol (C781915), one of the components that make up liquid rice hull smoke, and may contribute to its anti-inflammatory effects in mice. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 22356-80-5. Pack Sizes: 25mg, 50mg. Molecular Formula: C7H8O4S. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-?4-?methylbenzenesulfonic acid ammonium salt
2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid ammonium salt is an impurity of Policresulen, a topical hemostatic and antiseptic. Synonyms: Ammonium 2-hydroxy-4-methylbenzenesulphonate; 2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid ammonium; Benzenesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxy-4-methyl-, ammonium salt (1:1). Grades: ≥98% (HPLC). CAS No. 79093-71-3. Molecular formula: C7H11NO4S. Mole weight: 205.23.
2-Hydroxy-?4-?methylbenzenesulfonic Acid Ammonium Salt
2-Hydroxy-?4-?methylbenzenesulfonic Acid is used as a doping agent on E-glass fabric to improve its electronic conductivity. Tolusulfonic Acid derivatives are useful as animal drugs. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 79093-71-3. Pack Sizes: 100mg, 250mg. Molecular Formula: C7H8O4S. NH3. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzenesulphonic acid ammonium
2-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzenesulphonic acid ammonium is an impurity of Policresulen. Policresulen is a potent NS2B/NS3 protease inhibitor with an IC 50 of 0.48 μg/mL. Policresulen effectively inhibits the replication of DENV2 virus in BHK-21 cells with an IC 50 of 4.99 μg/mL. Policresulen acted as a competitive inhibitor of the protease, and slightly affected the protease stability [1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 79093-71-3. Pack Sizes: 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg. Product ID: HY-136574.
2- ( ( (Hydroxy-4-methyloctyl) oxy) carbonyl) cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid is a phthalate monoester derivative of Hexamol DINCH, a plasticizer for the manufacture of flexible plastic toys medical devices and food packaging. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 1637562-52-7. Pack Sizes: 1mg, 10mg. Molecular Formula: C17H30O5. US Biological Life Sciences.
2- ( ( (Hydroxy-4-methyloctyl) oxy) carbonyl) cyclohexanecarboxylic-d8 Acid is a phthalate monoester derivative of Hexamol DINCH, a plasticizer for the manufacture of flexible plastic toys medical devices and food packaging. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. Pack Sizes: 500ug, 5mg. Molecular Formula: C17H22D8O5. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methylphenylboronic acid
2-Hydroxy-4-methylphenylboronic acid. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 259209-25-1. Pack Sizes: 25mg, 50mg. Molecular Formula: C7H9BO3, Molecular Weight: 151.96. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyridine
2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyridine. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 13466-41-6. Pack Sizes: 5mg, 10mg, 25mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyridine-d3
2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyridine-d3 is the isotope labelled analog of 2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyridine (H949890); an intermediate used to prepare oxobenzopyrancarboxyl ate derivatives as inhibitors of serine proteases and human leukocyte elastase. It is also used in the synthesis of (indanylamino) (pyridinyloxy) pyrazines and analogs as corticotropin releasing factor type-1 receptor antagonists. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 1185316-03-3. Pack Sizes: 5mg, 10mg. Molecular Formula: C6H4D3NO, Molecular Weight: 112.14. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyridine-d6
2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyridine-d6 is the isotope labelled analog of 2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyridine (H949890); an intermediate used to prepare oxobenzopyrancarboxyl ate derivatives as inhibitors of serine proteases and human leukocyte elastase. It is also used in the synthesis of (indanylamino) (pyridinyloxy) pyrazines and analogs as corticotropin releasing factor type-1 receptor antagonists. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 916979-13-0. Pack Sizes: 2.5mg, 5mg. Molecular Formula: C6HD6NO, Molecular Weight: 115.16. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyridine ≥97% (HPLC)
2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyridine ≥97% (HPLC). Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Reagent Grade. Pack Sizes: 1g, 5g, 25g. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyrimidine HCl
2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyrimidine HCl. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 15231-48-8. Pack Sizes: 1g, 2g, 5g. Molecular Formula: C5H6N2O·HCl. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyrimidine hydrochloride
2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyrimidine hydrochloride. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Product Category: Pyrimidines. Appearance: Powder or Crystal. CAS No. 5348-51-6. Molecular formula: C5H6N2O·HCl. Mole weight: 146.57. Purity: 0.97. Product ID: ACM5348516. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyrimidine, Hydrochloride
2-Hydroxy-4-methylpyrimidine, Hydrochloride. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. Pack Sizes: 2.5g. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methylquinoline
2-Hydroxy-4-methylquinoline. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Product Category: Quinolines. Appearance: White to Off White Powder or Powder with Chunk(s). CAS No. 607-66-9. Molecular formula: C10H9NO. Mole weight: 159.18. Purity: 0.97. Product ID: ACM607669. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified. Categories: 4-Methylquinolin-2-ol.
2-Hydroxy-4-methylquinoline
2-Hydroxy-4-methylquinoline. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 607-66-9. Pack Sizes: 25g, 50g, 100g, 250g, 500g. Molecular Formula: C10H9NO. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid
2-Hydroxy-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 875237-46-0. Pack Sizes: 25mg, 50mg. Molecular Formula: C5H5NO3S, Molecular Weight: 159.16. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butyric acid
2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butyric acid is a dietary essential amino acid which is converted to Methionine (HY-13694) by 2-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase and 2-hydroxy acid oxidase. 2-Hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butyric acid is promising for research of gut disease [1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Natural products. CAS No. 583-91-5. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 10 g; 25 g; 50 g. Product ID: HY-116688.
2-Hydroxy-4-methylvalerophenone
2-Hydroxy-4-methylvalerophenone. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Additional or Alternative Names: 2-Hydroxy-4-methylvalerophenone, EINECS 251-683-9, CID118552, 33809-52-8. Product Category: Heterocyclic Organic Compound. CAS No. 33809-52-8. Molecular formula: C12H16O2. Mole weight: 192.254240 [g/mol]. Purity: 0.96. IUPACName: 1-(2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)pentan-1-one. Canonical SMILES: CC(C)CC(C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1)O. ECNumber: 251-683-9. Product ID: ACM33809528. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
2-Hydroxy-4-morpholin-4-yl-benzaldehyde
2-Hydroxy-4-morpholin-4-yl-benzaldehyde. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Reagent Grade. Pack Sizes: 100mg, 250mg, 1g. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-morpholinepropanesulphonic acid
2-Hydroxy-4-morpholinepropanesulphonic acid. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Additional or Alternative Names: Mopso, M8389_SIGMA, EINECS 269-989-6, CID109333, 3-Morpholino-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, 2-Hydroxy-4-morpholinepropanesulphonic acid, ST5306989, TL8004802, beta-Hydroxy-4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid, 4-Morpholinepropanesulfonic acid, beta-hydroxy-, M-8520, 3-(N-Morpholino)-2-hydroxypropane sulfonic acid, 165552-32-9, 68399-77-9. Product Category: Heterocyclic Organic Compound. Appearance: White crystalline. CAS No. 68399-77-9. Molecular formula: C7H15NO5S. Mole weight: 225.26. Purity: >98.0%(T). IUPACName: 2-hydroxy-3-morpholin-4-ylpropane-1-sulfonic acid. Canonical SMILES: C1COCCN1CC(CS(=O)(=O)O)O. Density: 1.416 g/cm³. ECNumber: 269-989-6. Product ID: ACM68399779. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
2-Hydroxy-4-nitro-benzaldehyde
2-Hydroxy-4-nitro-benzaldehyde. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 4-Nitrosalicylaldehyde. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 2460-58-4. Pack Sizes: 100mg, 250mg, 500mg, 1g, 2g. Molecular Formula: C7H5NO4. US Biological Life Sciences.
2-Hydroxy-4-nitro-benzaldehyde (4-Nitrosalicylaldehyde). Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 4-Nitrosalicylaldehyde. Grades: Highly Purified. Pack Sizes: 250mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-nitrobenzamide
2-Hydroxy-4-nitrobenzamide. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Additional or Alternative Names: 2-Hydroxy-4-nitrobenzamide, 2912-77-8, SureCN3028110, CTK8B8102, ANW-59344, AKOS016002307, AK-38546, KB-230854. Product Category: Heterocyclic Organic Compound. CAS No. 2912-77-8. Molecular formula: C7H6N2O4. Mole weight: 182.133540 [g/mol]. Purity: 0.96. IUPACName: 2-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzamide. Canonical SMILES: C1=CC(=C(C=C1[N+](=O)[O-])O)C(=O)N. Density: 1.538g/cm³. Product ID: ACM2912778. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
2-Hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid
2-Hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 4-Nitrosalicylic acid. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 619-19-2. Pack Sizes: 5g, 10g, 25g, 50g, 100g. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid ≥97%
2-Hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid ≥97%. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Reagent Grade. Pack Sizes: 1g, 5g, 25g, 100g. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-nitrobenzonitrile
2-Hydroxy-4-nitrobenzonitrile. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 39835-14-8. Pack Sizes: 100mg, 250mg. Molecular Formula: C7H4N2O3, Molecular Weight: 164.12. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-nitronaphthalene
2-Hydroxy-4-nitronaphthalene. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Additional or Alternative Names: 2-Hydroxy-4-nitronaphthalene. Product Category: Heterocyclic Organic Compound. CAS No. 38396-08-6. Molecular formula: C10H7NO3. Mole weight: 189.16748. Purity: 0.96. IUPACName: 4-nitronaphthalen-2-ol. Canonical SMILES: C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C=C(C=C2[N+](=O)[O-])O. Product ID: ACM38396086. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
2- (Hydroxy- (4-nitrophenyl) methyl) cyclopentanone is used in the preparation of hydroxyketones via aldol reaction of aryl aldehydes with ketones catalyzed by polyanilino methyl pyrrolidine. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 205759-66-6. Pack Sizes: 50mg, 250mg. Molecular Formula: C12H13NO4, Molecular Weight: 235.24. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-n-octyloxybenzophenone
2-Hydroxy-4-n-octyloxybenzophenone. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 1843-05-6. Pack Sizes: 250g, 500g, 1kg. Molecular Formula: C21H26O3. US Biological Life Sciences.
2-Hydroxy-4'-(N-(pyridin-2-yl)sulfamoyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic Acid is an impurity of Sulfasalazine (S699084), an an anti-inflammatory agent for gastrointestinal disorders. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. Pack Sizes: 10mg, 25mg. Molecular Formula: C18H14N2O5S. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-?Hydroxy-?4-? (octyloxy) ?benzophenone
2-?Hydroxy-?4-? (octyloxy) ?benzophenone is a component of some sunscreen formulations, used to improve the efficacy of UV absorbers. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 1843-05-6. Pack Sizes: 5g, 25g. Molecular Formula: C21H26O3, Molecular Weight: 326.43. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)benzophenone
2-Hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)benzophenone (HOBP) is a UV based absorber that has 2-hydroxybenzophenone as a functional group. It can be used to enhance the light fastness of polymers using UV absorbers with sulfur and phosphorus compounds. Uses: Hobps are uv absorbers for insulating plastics, which can be incorporated with active layers to increase the stabilization of organic solar cells (oscs). it may be incorporated in parylene c films to enhance the light stability, which can be potentially used as a moisture transfer membrane for electronic boards and photovoltaics. Group: Plastic additives. Alternative Names: [2-Hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)phenyl]phenylmethanone, 2-Benzoyl-5-octyloxyphenol, 4-(Octyloxy)-2-hydroxybenzophenone. CAS No. 1843-05-6. Pack Sizes: Packaging 100 g in glass bottle. Product ID: (2-hydroxy-4-octoxyphenyl)-phenylmethanone. Molecular formula: 326.43. Mole weight: CH3(CH2)7OC6H3(OH)COC6H5. CCCCCCCCOc1ccc(c(O)c1)C(=O)c2ccccc2. 1S / C21H26O3 / c1-2-3-4-5-6-10-15-24-18-13-14-19 (20 (22) 16-18) 21 (23) 17-11-8-7-9-12-17 / h7-9, 11-14, 16, 22H, 2-6, 10, 15H2, 1H3. QUAMTGJKVDWJEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N. 99%.
2-Hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)benzophenone
2-Hydroxy-4-(octyloxy)benzophenone is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research [1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 1843-05-6. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 25 g. Product ID: HY-B1712.
2-Hydroxy-4-oxo-6-propyl-2-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic Acid Methyl Ester is a useful synthetic intermediate in the synthesis of Cannabigerovarin (C175140); a new neutral cannabinoid. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 27871-91-6. Pack Sizes: 100mg, 250mg. Molecular Formula: C11H16O4, Molecular Weight: 212.24. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic Acid
2-Hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid is a derivative of 4-Oxopentanoic Acid, which is produced from marine algal biomass Gelidium amansii. Thermophilic bacteria growth inhibitor. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 54031-97-9. Pack Sizes: 2.5mg, 25mg. Molecular Formula: C5H8O4, Molecular Weight: 132.11. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
2-Hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic Acid-13C4
2-Hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid-13C4 is a derivative of 4-Oxopentanoic Acid, which is produced from marine algal biomass Gelidium amansii. Thermophilic bacteria growth inhibitor. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. Pack Sizes: 500ug, 5mg. Molecular Formula: C13C4H8O4, Molecular Weight: 136.09. US Biological Life Sciences.