A directory of where to buy chemicals in the USA, including: distributors, industrial manufacturers, bulk supplies and wholesalers of raw ingredients & finished goods.
LY 225910 is a selective antagonist for cholecystokinin receptor ( CCK2 receptor ), which affects the excitatory response to morphine, and leads to morphine sensitization [1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 133040-77-4. Pack Sizes: 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-101352.
LY 231617
LY 231617. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Purified. CAS No. 141545-89-3. Pack Sizes: 10mg, 50mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
LY 2365109 hydrochloride
LY 2365109 hydrochloride. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Purified. CAS No. 868265-28-5. Pack Sizes: 10mg, 50mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
LY 2389575 hydrochloride
LY 2389575 hydrochloride. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Purified. CAS No. 885104-09-6. Pack Sizes: 10mg, 50mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
LY2452473
LY2452473 is an orally bioavailable, selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM). Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 1029692-15-6. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-114530.
LY2510924
LY2510924 is a potent and selective CXCR4 antagonist that blocks SDF-1 binding to CXCR4 with an IC50 of 0.079 nM. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Peptides. CAS No. 1088715-84-7. Pack Sizes: 1 mg; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg. Product ID: HY-12488.
LY-2510924
LY-2510924 is an inhibitor of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). It has potential antineoplastic activity. It binds to the chemokine receptor CXCR4, thereby preventing CXCR4 binding to its ligand, stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1), and subsequent receptor activation upon subcutaneous administration, which may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation and migration. It plays an important role in chemotaxis and angiogenesis and is upregulated in several tumor cell types. Uses: Ly-2510924 has potential antineoplastic activity. it plays an important role in chemotaxis and angiogenesis. Synonyms: LY2510924; LY 2510924; Cyclo[Phe-Tyr-Lys(iPr)-D-Arg-2-Nal-Gly-D-Glu]-Lys(iPr)-NH2; Cyclo[Phe-Tyr-Lys(iPr)-D-Arg-2-Nal-Gly-D-Glu]-Lys(iPr)-NH2; L-Lysinamide, L-phenylalanyl-L-tyrosyl-N6-(1-methylethyl)-L-lysyl-D-arginyl-3-(2-naphthalenyl)-L-alanylglycyl-D-α-glutamyl-N6-(1-methylethyl)-, (7→1)-lactam; N(1)Phe-Tyr-Lys(iPr)-D-Arg-2Nal-Gly-D-Glu(1)-Lys(iPr)-NH2. Grade: 98%. CAS No. 1088715-84-7. Molecular formula: C62H88N14O10. Mole weight: 1189.47.
LY2510924 acetate
Ly2510924 acetate is a potent and selective CXCR4 antagonist that prevents the binding of SDF-1 to CXCR4 with an IC50 of 0.079 nM. It has potential antineoplastic activity. Synonyms: L-Lysinamide, L-phenylalanyl-L-tyrosyl-N6-(1-methylethyl)-L-lysyl-D-arginyl-3-(2-naphthalenyl)-L-alanylglycyl-D-α-glutamyl-N6-(1-methylethyl)-, (7→1)-lactam, acetate (1:1); LY 2510924 acetate; LY-2510924 acetate; N(1)Phe-Tyr-Lys(iPr)-D-Arg-2Nal-Gly-D-Glu(1)-Lys(iPr)-NH2 acetate. Grade: ≥95%. Molecular formula: C62H88N14O10.C2H4O2. Mole weight: 1249.53.
LY255283, a competitive leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist, is used in leukotriene receptor research along with other selective leukotriene receptor agonists and antagonist to identify and differentiate the physiological and cell signaling effects of the leukotriene B4 receptor on processes such as paclitaxel resistance in MCF-7/DOX breast cancer cells, monocyte-derived dendritic cell chemotaxis, and 5-lipoxygenase activity and interleukin-8 production in human neutrophils. LY255283 may be used to help verify that an observed process or cell event is leukotriene B4 receptor-dependent.Antagonists of the chemotactic and inflammatory lipoxygenase product leukotriene B4 (LTB4) have been potential drug development targets for several years.1,2 The tetrazole LY255283 is a competitive antagonist of the BLT2 receptor. It displaces radiolabeled LTB4 from guinea pig lung membrane, with an IC50 of about 100nM.3 LY255283 exhibits IC50 values of ~950nM and >10uM at human recombinant BLT2 and BLT1 receptors, respectively.4 LY255283 inhibits eosinophil chemotaxis by 80% at a concentration of 10uM, and inhibits the binding of radiolabeled LTB4 to eosinophil membranes with an IC50 of 260nM.1. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 1-[5-ethyl-2-hydroxy-4-[[6-methyl-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)heptyl]oxy]phenyl]-ethanone. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 117690-79-6. Pack Sizes: 10mg, 25mg. Molecular Formula: C19H28N4O3, Molecular Weight: 360.5. US Biological Life Sciences.
LY-2584702 tosylate salt is a selective ATP competitive inhibitor of p70S6K with an IC50 of 4 nM. In S6K1 enzyme assay, the IC50 of LY-2584702 is 2 nM. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 1082949-68-5. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg; 250 mg; 500 mg; 1 g. Product ID: HY-12493A.
LY 266097 hydrochloride. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Purified. CAS No. 172895-39-5. Pack Sizes: 10mg, 50mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
LY-272015 hydrochloride
LY-272015 hydrochloride is an orally active, specific 5-HT 2B receptor antagonist. LY-272015 hydrochloride completely inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK2 induced by 5-HT or BW723C86. LY-272015 hydrochloride is antihypertensive in Deoxycorticosterone Acetate (DOCA)-salt-hypertensive rats [1] [2]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 172895-15-7. Pack Sizes: 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-100851A.
LY2794193
LY2794193 is a highly potent and selective mGlu3 receptor agonist (hmGlu3 Ki=0.927 nM?EC50=0.47 nM; hmGlu2 Ki=412 nM?EC50=47.5 nM)[1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 2173037-97-1. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-119243.
LY2795050
LY2795050 is a short-acting selective κ(kappa)-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist. LY2795050 has high affinity for the KOR with K i value of 0.72 nM. LY2795050 can be used for the research of central nervous system dysfunction [1] [2]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 1346133-08-1. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-15708.
LY2857785
LY2857785 is a type I reversible and competitive ATP kinase inhibitor against CDK9 (IC50 11 nM) and other transcription kinases CDK8 (IC50 16 nM), and CDK7 (IC50 246 nM). Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 1619903-54-6. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-12293.
LY2874455
LY2874455 is a pan-FGFR inhibitor with IC 50 s of 2.8, 2.6, 6.4, 6 nM for FGFR1 , FGFR2 , FGFR3 , FGFR4 , respectively. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 1254473-64-7. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-13304.
LY2880070
LY2880070 is an orally active CHK1 inhibitor, IC 50 ? 1 nM. LY2880070 can be used as an anticancer agent for combination with DNA damaging agents [1] [2]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 1375637-35-6. Pack Sizes: 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg. Product ID: HY-148962.
LY2886721
LY2886721 is a potent, selective and orally active beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitor with an IC50 of 20.3 nM for recombinant human BACE1. LY2886721 is selectivity against cathepsin D, pepsin, and renin, but lacking selectivity against BACE2 (IC50 of 10.2 nM). LY2886721 can across blood-brain barrier and has the potential for Alzheimer's disease treatment[1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 1262036-50-9. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-13240.
Potent, cell permeable, highly specific PI(3)K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) inhibitor. Acts on the ATP-binding site of the enzyme. Antagonizes P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. Blocks Akt phosphorylation. Pim-1 kinase inhibitor. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 154447-36-6. Pack Sizes: 1mg, 5mg, 25mg. Molecular Formula: C19H17NO3. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
LY294002
LY294002 is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of PI3K with IC 50 s of 0.5, 0.57, and 0.97 μM for PI3Kα , PI3Kδ and PI3Kβ , respectively [1]. LY294002 also inhibits CK2 with an IC 50 of 98 nM [2]. LY294002 is a competitive DNA-PK inhibitor that binds reversibly to the kinase domain of DNA-PK with an IC 50 of 1.4 μM. LY294002 is an apoptosis activator [3]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 154447-36-6. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg; 200 mg; 500 mg. Product ID: HY-10108.
A cell-permeable LY 294002 4'-amino derivative with enhanced potency against p110?/?/?/?. Group: Fluorescence/luminescence spectroscopy.
LY 294002 - CAS 154447-36-6
LY294002, CAS 154447-36-6, is a cell-permeable, potent, reversible, and specific inhibitor of PI 3-kinase ((IC?? = 1.4 μM). Acts on the ATP-binding site. Group: Fluorescence/luminescence spectroscopy.
LY 294002 hydrochloride
LY 294002 hydrochloride. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Purified. CAS No. 934389-88-5. Pack Sizes: 5mg, 25mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
LY294002 hydrochloride is a potent and broad-spectrum PI3K inhibitor, with IC 50 values of 0.5, 0.57, and 0.97 μM for P110α , P110δ and P110β , respectively. LY294002 hydrochloride also inhibits CK2 with an IC 50 of 98 nM. LY294002 hydrochloride can be used for pancreatic cancer research [1] [2] [3]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 934389-88-5. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-10108A.
LY2940094
LY2940094 (BTRX-246040) is a potent, selective and orally available nociceptin receptor (NOP receptor) antagonist with high affinity (Ki=0.105 nM) and antagonist potency (Kb=0.166 nM). LY2940094 reduces ethanol self-administration in animal models[1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. Alternative Names: BTRX-246040. CAS No. 1307245-86-8. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg. Product ID: HY-114452.
LY 3000328 (Z-FL-COCHO) is a potent and selective Cathepsin S (Cat S) inhibitor with IC50s of 7.7 and 1.67 nM for hCat S and mCat S, respectively. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. Alternative Names: Z-FL-COCHO. CAS No. 1373215-15-6. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 1 mg; 5 mg; 10 mg; 50 mg. Product ID: HY-15533.
LY3009120
LY3009120 (DP-4978) is a pan RAF inhibitor which inhibits BRAF V600E , BRAF WT and CRAF WT with IC 50 s of 5.8, 9.1 and 15 nM, respectively. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. Alternative Names: DP-4978. CAS No. 1454682-72-4. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-12558.
LY3022855
LY3022855 is a CHO-expressed human antibody that targets CSF1R/M-CSFR/CD115. LY3022855 has a huIgG1 heavy chain and a huκ light chain, with a predicted molecular weight (MW) of 150 kDa. The isotype control for LY3022855 can refer to Human IgG1 kappa, Isotype Control (HY-P99001). Uses: Scientific research. Group: Inhibitory antibodies. CAS No. 2305770-44-7. Pack Sizes: 1 mg; 5 mg; 10 mg. Product ID: HY-P990619.
LY 303511
LY 303511. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Purified. CAS No. 154447-38-8. Pack Sizes: 5mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
LY 303511 - CAS 154447-38-8
A cell-permeable negative control for the PI 3-kinase inhibitor LY 294002. Group: Fluorescence/luminescence spectroscopy.
LY 303511 hydrochloride
LY 303511 hydrochloride is a structural analogue of LY294002. LY303511 does not inhibit PI3K. LY303511 enhances TRAIL sensitivity of SHEP-1 neuroblastoma cells. LY303511 reversibly blocks K + currents (IC 50 =64.6±9.1 μM) in MIN6 insulinoma cells. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 2070014-90-1. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 50 mg. Product ID: HY-15643A.
LY 311727. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Purified. CAS No. 164083-84-5. Pack Sizes: 10mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
LY3154207
LY3154207 is a potent, subtype selective, and orally available human dopamine D1 receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) with minimal allosteric agonist activity ( EC 50 =3 nM) [1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 1638667-79-4. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-128770.
LY 315920
LY 315920. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Purified. CAS No. 172732-68-2. Pack Sizes: 10mg, 50mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
LY3200882
LY3200882 is a potent, highly selective, ATP-competitive and orally active TGF-β receptor type 1 (ALK5) inhibitor with an IC 50 of 38.2 nM. LY3200882 inhibits various pro-tumorigenic activities and is also used as an immune modulatory agent [1] [2]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 1898283-02-7. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-103021.
LY 320135. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Purified. CAS No. 176977-56-3. Pack Sizes: 10mg, 50mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
LY3295668
LY3295668 (AK-01) is a potent, orally active and highly specific Aurora-A kinase inhibitor, with K i values of 0.8 nM and 1038 nM for AurA and AurB, respectively. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. Alternative Names: AK-01. CAS No. 1919888-06-4. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 1 mg; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-114258.
LY 333531 hydrochloride
LY 333531 hydrochloride. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Purified. CAS No. 169939-93-9. Pack Sizes: 1mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
LY-333,531 hydrochloride
Isozyme selective inhibitor of protein kinase Cbeta (PKCbeta). PKCbetaI and PKCbetaII isozyme inhibitor. Amelioriates diabetic retinopathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic nephropathy. Anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic compound. Suppresses glucose-induced adhesion of human monocytes to endothelial cells. Suppresses ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 169939-93-9. Pack Sizes: 1mg, 5mg. Molecular Formula: C28H28N4O3 HCl. US Biological Life Sciences.
An isozyme-selective inhibitor of protein kinase Cb (PKCb). Inhibits both the PKCbI (IC??=4.7 nM) and PKCbII (IC??=5.9nm) isozymes. LY-333,531 is 76- and 61-fold more selective for inhibition of PKCbI and PKCbII over PKCa. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 169939-93-9. Pack Sizes: 250ug. US Biological Life Sciences.
LY 338979 is a metabolite of the antifolate Pemetrexed. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: N-[4-[2-(2-Amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4,6-dioxo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]-L-glutamic Acid. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 193281-00-4. Pack Sizes: 2.5mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
LY 338979 Dimethyl Ester
Protected LY 338979 (L486650), a metabolite of the antifolate Pemetrexed (P219500). Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: N-[4-[2-(2-Amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4,6-dioxo-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]-L-glutamic Acid 1,5-Dimethyl Ester. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 1320346-45-9. Pack Sizes: 2.5mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
LY341495
LY341495 is a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist with IC50s of 21 nM, 14 nM, 7.8 ?M, 8.2 ?M, 170 nM, 990 nM, 22 ?M for mGlu2, mGlu3, mGlu1a, mGlu5a, mGlu8, mGlu7, and mGlu4 receptors, respectively[5]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 201943-63-7. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-70059.
LY 341495 disodium salt
LY 341495 disodium salt. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Purified. Pack Sizes: 1mg, 10mg, 50mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
LY 344864
LY 344864 is a selective, orally active 5-HT 1F receptor agonist with a K i of 6 nM. LY 344864 is a full agonist producing an effect similar in magnitude to serotonin itself. LY 344864 can cross the blood brain barrier to some extent [1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 186544-26-3. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-13788.
A selective, brain penetrant, full agonist for the 5-HT1F receptor (pKi = 8.2). It possesses little affinity for the 56 other serotonergic and non-serotonergic neuronal binding sites examined. When examined for its ability to inhibit forskolin-induced cyclic AMP accumulation in cells stably transfected with human 5-HT1F receptors, LY344864 was shown to be a full agonist producing an effect similar in magnitude to serotonin itself. Suitable for both in vitro and in vivo applications and its effects are often reversed with the 5-HT1B/1D antagonist GR 127935. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 186544-26-3. Pack Sizes: 10mg. Molecular Formula: C??H??FN?O·HCl. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
LY 344864 racemate
LY 344864 racemate is a 5-HT 1F receptor agonist extracted from patent US 5708187 A. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 186543-64-6. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 2 mg; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-13788C.
LY 345899 is a Folate analog and is a methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD1; DC301) and MTHFD2 inbhibitor with IC50 values of 96 nM and 663 nM, respectively and a Ki of 18 nM for MTHFD1[1][2][3]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 10538-99-5. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-101943.
LY3509754
LY3509754 (IL-17A inhibitor 1) is a IL-17A inhibitor, with IC50 values of <9.45 nM and 9.3 nM in alphalisa assay and HT-29 cells[1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. Alternative Names: IL-17A inhibitor 1. CAS No. 2452464-73-0. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 1 mg; 5 mg; 10 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-139206.
LY3522348
KHK-IN-3 (Example 1) is a ketohexokinase ( KHK ) inhibitor. KHK-IN-3 can be used in the study of kidney disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), diabetes and heart failure. KHK is a rate-limiting enzyme and fructokinase involved in fructose metabolism. KHK catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose to fructose-1-phosphate (FIP) at the expense of ATP. The lack of feedback inhibition of fructose metabolism triggers the accumulation of downstream intermediates such as lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and oxidative phosphorylation [1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. Alternative Names: KHK-IN-3. CAS No. 2568608-48-8. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-149987.
A highly potent agonist selective for group II (mGluR2/3) receptors (EC50 = 5.1 and 24.3nM at mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors respectively), No effect at other mGlu subtype receptors (mGlu1a, mGlu5a, mGlu4 or mGlu7) at concentration less than 100uM. Biologically viable admitted orally or systematically. Widely used in studies of addiction, epilepsy, schizophrenia, hyperactivity, and sleep. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 176199-48-7. Pack Sizes: 10mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Selective inhibitor of TGF- β type-I receptor (TGF- β RI, TGFR-I, T βR-I, ALK-5) (IC50 values are 59, 400 and 1400nM for TGR- β RI, TGF- β RII and MLK-7K respectively). Inhibits TGF- β-dependent luciferase production in mink lung cells (p3TP lux) and growth in mouse fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) (IC50 values are 47 and 89nM respectively). Suppresses invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in a matrigel invasion assay. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 4-[3-(2-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]quinoline; E 616451; HTS 466284. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 396129-53-6. Pack Sizes: 10mg, 25mg, 50mg. Molecular Formula: C??H??N?, Molecular Weight: 272.3. US Biological Life Sciences.