A directory of where to buy chemicals in the USA, including: distributors, industrial manufacturers, bulk supplies and wholesalers of raw ingredients & finished goods.
Doramectin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Doramectin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Doramectin is a derivative of Ivermectin (HY-15310). Doramectin is a potent antiparasitic antibiotic. Doramectin is an active compound against S.mansoni in an NMRI mouse infection model [1] [2] [3]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Natural products. CAS No. 117704-25-3. Pack Sizes: 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-17035R.
Dorastine
Dorastine. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Additional or Alternative Names: Dorastine;8-Chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-methyl-5-[2-(6-methyl-3-pyridinyl)ethyl]-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole;8-Chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-methyl-5-[2-(6-methyl-3-pyridyl)ethyl]-1H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole. Product Category: Heterocyclic Organic Compound. CAS No. 21228-13-7. Molecular formula: C20H22ClN3. Mole weight: 339.86. Density: 1.23g/cm³. Product ID: ACM21228137. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
Doravirine
Doravirine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor under development of Merck & Co. IC 50 value is 12 nM against the wild type, 21nM against K103N, 31 nM against Y181C, 33nM against K103N/Y181C mutant viruses in vitro. MK-1439 exhibited similar antiviral activities against 10 different HIV-1 subtype viruses. Phase III for the treatment of HIV-1 infections is on-going. Uses: Hiv-1 infections. Synonyms: MK-1439; MK 1439; MK1439; MK-1439-019;3-Chloro-5-((1-((4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methyl)-2-oxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)oxy)benzonitrile. Grades: 98%. CAS No. 1338225-97-0. Molecular formula: C17H11ClF3N5O3. Mole weight: 425.75.
Doravirine
Doravirine (MK-1439) is a highly specific HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with IC 50 s of 4.5 nM, 5.5 nM and 6.1 nM against the wild type and K103N and Y181C reverse transcriptase mutants, respectively [1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. Alternative Names: MK-1439. CAS No. 1338225-97-0. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-16767.
Doremox®
Doremox®. CAS No. 94201-73-7. VIGON Item # 502910. Categories: Speciality Ingrdients Suppliers, Fragrances, Perfumers, Rose Pyran.
America & Internationally
Doripenem
100mg Pack Size. Group: Antibiotics, Biochemicals, Research Organics & Inorganics. Formula: C15H24N4O6S2. CAS No. 148016-81-3. Prepack ID 14558613-100mg. Molecular Weight 420.51. See USA prepack pricing.
Doripenem
Doripenem (S 4661), a 1β-methyl parenteral carbapenem, has very broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic bacteria [1] [2]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. Alternative Names: S 4661. CAS No. 148016-81-3. Pack Sizes: 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg. Product ID: HY-B0187.
Doripenem
Doripenem is a broad spectrum antibiotic that is in the β-lactam subclass known as carbapenems. It inhibits the synthesis of bacterial cell walls by attaching to penicillin-binding proteins. It is effective against many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and is more effective against P. aeruginosa than other carbapenems. However, it is not effective against multidrug-resistant S. aureus. Synonyms: Doribax; Finibax; S 4661; S4661; S-4661. Grades: >98%. CAS No. 148016-81-3. Molecular formula: C15H24N4O6S2. Mole weight: 420.5.
Doripenem hydrate. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 364622-82-2. Pack Sizes: 5mg, 10mg, 25mg, 50mg, 100mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
Doripenem hydrate
Doripenem Hydrate is an ultra-broad-spectrum injectable antibiotic, used to treat complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections. Synonyms: S-4661; S 4661; S4661. Grades: >98%. CAS No. 364622-82-2. Molecular formula: C15H24N4O6S2.H2O. Mole weight: 438.52.
Doripenem hydrate
1g Pack Size. Group: Antibiotics, Bioactive Small Molecules. Formula: C15H24N4O6S2 · H2O. CAS No. 364622-82-2. Prepack ID 36359573-1g. Molecular Weight 438.52. See USA prepack pricing.
Doripenem Impurity 1
Doripenem Impurity 1 is an impurity of Doripenem, a powerful antibiotic for the therapy of various bacterial infections. Synonyms: (4-nitrophenyl)methyl (5S,6S)-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-3-{[(3S,5S)-1-{[(4-nitrophenyl)methoxy]carbonyl}-5-[(sulfamoylamino)methyl]pyrrolidin-3-yl]sulfanyl}-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylate. Grades: > 95%. CAS No. 491878-07-0. Molecular formula: C30H34N6O12S2. Mole weight: 734.77.
Doripenem Impurity 11
Doripenem Impurity 11. Uses: For analytical and research use. Group: Impurity standards. CAS No. 1233517-79-7. Molecular formula: C29H27N2O10P. Mole weight: 594.51. Catalog: APB1233517797.
Doripenem Impurity 5 (Methyl Acetoacetate)
Doripenem Impurity 5 (Methyl Acetoacetate). Uses: For analytical and research use. Group: Impurity standards. CAS No. 105-45-3. Molecular formula: C5H8O3. Mole weight: 116.12. Catalog: APB105453.
Doripenem Impurity MAP-alfa isomer (Meropenem Related Compound 1)
Doripenem Impurity MAP-alfa isomer is a Meropenem intermediate. Synonyms: 4-Nitrobenzyl (4S,5R,6S)-3-[(diphenylphosphono)oxy]-6-[(R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylate. Grades: > 95%. CAS No. 189188-38-3. Molecular formula: C29H27N2O10P. Mole weight: 594.51.
Doripenem monohydrate
Doripenem (S 4661) monohydrate, a 1β-methyl parenteral carbapenem, has very broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic bacteria [1] [2]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. Alternative Names: S 4661 monohydrate. CAS No. 364622-82-2. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg. Product ID: HY-B0187A.
Doripenem side-chain
Doripenem side-chain. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 4-Nitrobenzyl (2S, 4S) -4-acetylthio-2- [ [N-sulfamoyl-N- (tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino] methyl] pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 491878-06-9. Pack Sizes: 1g, 2g, 5g. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
Dornase alfa
Dornase alfa (rhDNase) is a recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I (rhDNase), an enzyme which selectively cleaves DNA. Dornase alfa hydrolyzes the DNA present in sputum/mucus and reduces viscosity in the lungs, promoting improved clearance of secretions. Dornase alfa plays an important role in cystic fibrosis [1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. Alternative Names: rhDNase. CAS No. 143831-71-4. Pack Sizes: 500 μg. Product ID: HY-108858.
A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that requires a cobamide coenzyme for activity. Group: Enzymes. Synonyms: D-α-ornithine 5,4-aminomutase; D-ornithine aminomutase. Enzyme Commission Number: EC 5.4.3.5. CAS No. 62213-30-3. Storage: Store it at +4 ?C for short term. For long term storage, store it at -20 ?C?-80 ?C. Form: Liquid or lyophilized powder. EXWM-5537; D-ornithine 4,5-aminomutase; EC 5.4.3.5; 62213-30-3; D-α-ornithine 5,4-aminomutase; D-ornithine aminomutase. Cat No: EXWM-5537.
D-Ornithine ((R)-Ornithine) hydrochloride is a constituent of bacterial cell wall. D-Ornithine hydrochloride promotes the production of L-arginine (HY-N0455). D-Ornithine hydrochloride enhances the expression of pyrrolysine-containing proteins [1] [2] [3]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Natural products. Alternative Names: (R)-Ornithine hydrochloride. CAS No. 16682-12-5. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 100 mg; 500 mg; 1 g. Product ID: HY-34516.
D-Ornithine hydrochloride
D-Ornithine hydrochloride. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: (R)-Ornithine hydrochloride; (R)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid hydrochloride; D-Ornithine monohydrochloride. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 16682-12-5. Pack Sizes: 50g, 100g, 250g, 500g, 1kg. Molecular Formula: C5H13ClN2O2. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
D-Ornithine hydrochloride
D-Ornithine hydrochloride. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Additional or Alternative Names: D(-)-2,5-DIAMINOPENTANOIC ACID HYDROCHLORIDE;D-2,5-DIAMINOPENTANOIC ACID HYDROCHLORIDE;D-ORNITHINE-OH HCL;D-ORTHININE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE;D(-)-ORNITHINE HYDROCHLORIDE;D-ORNITHINE HYDROCHLORIDE;D-ORNITHINE HCL;D-ORN, HCL. Product Category: Heterocyclic Organic Compound. CAS No. 99815-05-1. Molecular formula: C5H13ClN2O2. Mole weight: 168.62. Product ID: ACM99815051. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified. Categories: (R)-Ornithine hydrochloride.
D-Ornithine hydrochloride 99+%
D-Ornithine hydrochloride 99+%. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Reagent Grade. Pack Sizes: 5g, 25g, 100g, 250g, 1Kg. US Biological Life Sciences.
D-Ornithine,n2-[(1,1-dimethylethoxy)carbonyl]-n5-[imino[[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]methyl]-n2-methyl-. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Additional or Alternative Names: Boc-D-Me-Arg(Tos)-OH, AKOS015909388, AK-88936, I14-32643, I14-34128, 136642-84-7. Product Category: Heterocyclic Organic Compound. CAS No. 136642-84-7. Molecular formula: C19H30N4O6S. Mole weight: 442.54. Purity: 0.96. IUPACName: (2R)-5-[[amino-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylamino]methylidene]amino]-2-[methyl-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonyl]amino]pentanoic acid. Canonical SMILES: CC1=CC=C(C=C1)S(=O)(=O)NC(=NCCCC(C(=O)O)N(C)C(=O)OC(C)(C)C)N. Product ID: ACM136642847. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
Dorrigocin A
It is produced by the strain of Streptomyces platensis subsp. rosaceus AB-1981F-75. It has weak anti-tumor cell activity and moderate anti-aspergillus and fusarium activity, but has no effect on yeast. Dorrigocin B has stronger antitumor and antifungal activities than Dorrigocin A. It can restore the morphology of RAS-deformed NIH/3T3 cells from the deformed phenotype to the normal phenotype. CAS No. 158446-29-8. Molecular formula: C27H41NO8. Mole weight: 507.61.
Dorrigocin B
It is produced by the strain of Streptomyces platensis subsp. rosaceus AB-1981F-75. It has weak anti-tumor cell activity and moderate anti-aspergillus and fusarium activity, but has no effect on yeast. Dorrigocin B has stronger antitumor and antifungal activities than Dorrigocin A. It can restore the morphology of RAS-deformed NIH/3T3 cells from the deformed phenotype to the normal phenotype. CAS No. 158446-30-1. Molecular formula: C27H41NO8. Mole weight: 507.61.
Dorsomorphin
Dorsomorphin is a potent and selective inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) (Ki = 109 nM), induced by AICAR and metformin. It also inhibits bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors including BMPR-IA (ALK3) and BMPR-IB (ALK6). Dorsomorphin can induce myocardial differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Uses: Protein kinase inhibitors. Synonyms: 6-(4-(2-(Piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)-3-(pyridin-4-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine; Compound C; AMPK Inhibitor, Compound C; BML-275. Grades: >98%. CAS No. 866405-64-3. Molecular formula: C24H25N5O. Mole weight: 399.49.
Dorsomorphin
Dorsomorphin. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: Compound C, AMPK Inhibitor, BML-275, 6-[4-(2-piperidin-1-ylethoxy)phenyl]-3-pyridin-4-ylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 866405-64-3. Pack Sizes: 10mg, 50mg. Molecular Formula: C24 H25 N5, Molecular Weight: 399.5. US Biological Life Sciences.
Dorsomorphin (Compound C) is a selective and ATP-competitive AMPK inhibitor ( K i =109 nM in the absence of AMP). Dorsomorphin (BML-275) selectively inhibits BMP type I receptors ALK2 , ALK3 , and ALK6. Dorsomorphin can reverse autophagy activation and anti-inflammatory effect of Urolithin A (HY-100599) [1] [2]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. Alternative Names: Compound C; BML-275. CAS No. 866405-64-3. Pack Sizes: 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-13418A.
Dorsomorphin (hydrochloride) is a potent, reversible inhibitor of AMP kinase (AMPK; Ki = 109 nM) that does not exhibit significant activity on structurally related kinases, including ZAPK, SYK, PKCθ, PKA, and JAK3. CAS No. 1219168-18-9. Molecular formula: C24H25N5O.2HCl. Mole weight: 472.414.
Dorsomorphin dihydrochloride
Dorsomorphin (Compound C) dihydrochloride is a potent, selective and ATP-competitive AMPK inhibitor, with a K i of 109 nM. Dorsomorphin dihydrochloride inhibits BMP pathway by targeting the type I receptors ALK2 , ALK3 , and ALK6. Dorsomorphin dihydrochloride can reverse autophagy activation and anti-inflammatory effect of Urolithin A (HY-100599). Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. Alternative Names: Compound C dihydrochloride; BML-275 dihydrochloride. CAS No. 1219168-18-9. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 20 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-13418.
Dorzagliatin
Dorzagliatin (HMS5552), a dual-acting glucokinase (GK) activator, improves glycaemic control and pancreatic β-cell function in type 2 diabetes [1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. Alternative Names: HMS5552. CAS No. 1191995-00-2. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-109030.
Dorzolamide
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Antiglaucoma agent. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: (4S,6S)-. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 130693-82-2. Pack Sizes: 10mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Dorzolamide EP Impurity A (Hydrochloride). Uses: For analytical and research use. Group: Impurity standards. Alternative Names: (4R,6R)-4-(ethylamino)-6-methyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide hydrochloride. CAS No. 122028-36-8. Molecular formula: C10H17ClN2O4S3. Mole weight: 360.90. Catalog: APB122028368.
Dorzolamide HCl
Dorzolamide HCl. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 130693-82-2. Pack Sizes: 10mg, 25mg, 50mg, 100mg. Molecular Formula: C10H16N2O4S3·ClH. US Biological Life Sciences.
Dorzolamide (L671152) hydrochloride is a potent carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor, with IC 50 values of 0.18 nM and 600 nM for red blood cell CA-II and CA-I respectively. Dorzolamide possesses anti-tumor activity [1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Natural products. Alternative Names: L671152 hydrochloride; MK507 hydrochloride. CAS No. 130693-82-2. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 100 mg; 250 mg. Product ID: HY-B0109A.
Dorzolamide Impurity A
Dorzolamide is a potent carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.16 nM on human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase II in vitro. It has been found to lower increased intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Uses: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Synonyms: L671152; MK507; L 671152; MK 507; L-671152; MK-507; Trusopt. Grades: >98%. CAS No. 120279-96-1. Molecular formula: C10H16N2O4S3. Mole weight: 324.44.
Dorzolamide Impurity D HCl (N-Desethyl Dorzolamide HCl)
N-Deethyl Dorzolamide Hydrochloride is a metabolite of Dorzolamide. Synonyms: (4S-trans)-4-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-Thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide Monohydrochloride. Grades: > 95%. CAS No. 164455-27-0. Molecular formula: C8H12N2O4S3·HCl. Mole weight: 332.85.
Dorzolamide Maleic Acid Adduct
Dorzolamide Maleic Acid Adduct. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 2-(Ethyl((4S,6S)-6-methyl-7,7-dioxido-2-sulfamoyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-4-yl)amino)succinic Acid. Grades: Highly Purified. Pack Sizes: 5mg. Molecular Formula: C14H20N2O8S3, Molecular Weight: 440.51. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
Dorzolomide hydrochloride
Cas No. 130693-82-2.
Dosimertinib mesylate
Dosimertinib-d 5 (mesylate) is a potent and orally active EGFR inhibitor. Dosimertinib-d 5 (mesylate) decreases the expression of p-EGFR and p-ERK protein levels. Dosimertinib-d 5 (mesylate) shows antiproliferative and anti-tumor activity. Dosimertinib-d 5 (mesylate) has the potential for the research of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)[1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Isotope-labeled compounds. CAS No. 2403760-72-3. Pack Sizes: 1 mg; 5 mg; 10 mg. Product ID: HY-142283AS.
DOSPA is a cationicliposome. DOSPA can formulate with DNA to be a transfection system. DOSPA can be used for gene therapy research [1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Biochemical assay reagents. CAS No. 282533-23-7. Pack Sizes: 1 mg; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-142997.
Dostarlimab
Dostarlimab (TSR-042) is a humanized anti- PD-1 monoclonal antibody. Dostarlimab binds with high affinity to human PD-1 and competitively inhibits its interaction with its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, with IC 50 s of 1.8 and 1.5 nM, respectively [1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Inhibitory antibodies. Alternative Names: TSR-042. CAS No. 2022215-59-2. Pack Sizes: 1 mg; 5 mg; 10 mg. Product ID: HY-P99345.
Dosulepin
Dosulepin. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Additional or Alternative Names: (3E)-3-Dibenzo[b,E]thiepin-11(6H)-ylidene-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanamine;11-(3-Dimethylaminopropylidene)-6,11-dihydrodibenzo(b,e)thiepin;1-Propanamine, 3-dibenzo[b,e]thiepin-11(6H)-ylidene-N,N-dimethyl-;3-Dibenzo(b,e)thiepin-11(6H)-ylidene-N,N-dimethyl-1-pro. Product Category: Heterocyclic Organic Compound. Appearance: Pale Yellow Low Melting Solid. CAS No. 113-53-1. Molecular formula: C19H21NS. Mole weight: 295.4416. Density: 1.148 g/cm³. Product ID: ACM113531. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
Dosulepin hydrochloride. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Additional or Alternative Names: DOTHIEPIN HCL;DOTHIEPIN HYDROCHLORIDE;DOSULEPIN HCL;11-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)-6,11-dihydrodibenzo(b,e)thiepinehydrochlorid;3-dibenzo(b,e)thiepin-11(6h)-ylidene-n,n-dimethyl-1-propanaminhydrochlor;dosulepinchloride;dosulepinhydrochloride;n,n-dimethy. Product Category: Heterocyclic Organic Compound. CAS No. 897-15-4. Molecular formula: C19H21NS. Mole weight: 295.44. Product ID: ACM897154. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
Dot - Agriculture Chemicals. SUPPLIERS TO BUSINESS CUSTOMERS ONLY.
North America & APAC
Dot1L human
recombinant, expressed in E. coli, ?70% (SDS-PAGE). Group: Fluorescence/luminescence spectroscopy.
DOTA
Bifunctional DOTA aconjugates to peptides and has become an established strategy for constructing target-specific metal containing agents including targeted MRI contrast agents and diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic Acid; 1,4,7,10-Tetra(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane; 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid; DOTA; NSC 681107; Tetraxetan. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 60239-18-1. Pack Sizes: 100mg, 250mg, 500mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
DOTA(allyl ester)3
DOTA(allyl ester)3, a protected DOTA derivative, is used for coupling to acid- or base-sensitive compounds. Synonyms: DOTA(OAll)3; 4,7,10-Tri-(allyloxycarbonylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-yl-acetic acid; 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid 1,4,7-triallyl ester; 2-(4,7,10-tris(2-(allyloxy)-2-oxoethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-yl)acetic acid; {4,7,10-Tris[2-(allyloxy)-2-oxoethyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecan-1-yl}acetic acid. Molecular formula: C25H40N4O8. Mole weight: 524.61.
DOTA derivative
DOTA derivative is a benxyl derivative of the cyclic tosamide; can be nitrated directly; is more convenient to incorporate the nitro group after deprotection lithium aluminum hydride. Synonyms: DOTA derivative. Grades: >98%. CAS No. 153777-70-9. Molecular formula: C43H50N4O8S4. Mole weight: 879.14.