A directory of where to buy chemicals in the USA, including: distributors, industrial manufacturers, bulk supplies and wholesalers of raw ingredients & finished goods.
Terbium Telluride (TbTe) is a crystal grown product generally immediately available in most volumes. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Product Category: Heterocyclic Organic Compound. Appearance: solid. CAS No. 93658-88-9. Molecular formula: TbTe. Mole weight: 701g/mol. Purity: 0.96. Product ID: ACM93658889. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
Terbium triiodate
Terbium triiodate. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Additional or Alternative Names: Terbium triiodate, EINECS 238-793-2, 14732-20-8. Product Category: Heterocyclic Organic Compound. CAS No. 14732-20-8. Molecular formula: I3O9Tb. Mole weight: 683.633350 [g/mol]. Purity: 0.96. IUPACName: terbium(3+) triiodate. Canonical SMILES: [O-]I(=O)=O.[O-]I(=O)=O.[O-]I(=O)=O.[Tb+3]. Product ID: ACM14732208. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
Terbufibrol
Terbufibrol has been shown highly active in reducing serum total cholesterol (TC) levels in the normal and hypercholesterolemic male rat. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 56488-59-6. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 5 mg; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-101812.
Terbufoxon Sulfoxide is a metabolite of Terbufoxon, a pesticide used in the protection of fruit and vegetable crops against insects. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: O,O-Diethyl S-(tert-Butylsulfinyl)methyl Phosphorothioate, Terbufos Oxon Sulfoxide. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 56165-57-2. Pack Sizes: 1mg, 2.5mg. Molecular Formula: C9H21O4PS2. US Biological Life Sciences.
Terbutaline is an orally active β 2 - adrenergic receptor agonist and an active metabolite of bambuterol [1]. Terbutaline can be used in asthma symptom research [2]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 23031-25-6. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 10 mg; 25 mg; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-B0802A.
Terbutaline 3,5-Dibenzyl Ether
Intermediate for the preparation of Terbutaline. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 1-[3,5-Bis(benzyloxy)phenyl]-2-(tert-butylamino)ethanol. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 28924-25-6. Pack Sizes: 100mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
Terbutaline-[d9]
Terbutaline-[d9] is the labelled analogue of Terbutaline, which is a β-Adrenergic receptor agonist and could be used as a bronchodilator agent. Synonyms: Terbutaline-D9; 2-tert-Butylamino-d9-1-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol; Brethaire-d9; Brethine-d9; Butaliret-d9; Monovent-d9; Terbasmin-d9; Terbul-d9. Grade: ≥98%; ≥98% atom D. CAS No. 1189658-09-0. Molecular formula: C12H10D9NO3. Mole weight: 234.34.
A B-Adrenergic receptor agonist. A Bronchodilator. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 2-tert-Butylamino-d9-1- (3, 5-dihydroxyphenyl) ethanol; Brethaire-d9; Brethine-d9; Butaliret-d9; Monovent-d9; Terbasmin-d9; Terbul-d9. Grades: Highly Purified. Pack Sizes: 1mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
Terbutaline-d9 3,5-Dibenzyl Ether
Intermediate for the preparation of isotope Labeled Terbutaline. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 1-[3,5-Bis(benzyloxy)phenyl]-2-(tert-butyl-d9-amino)ethanol. Grades: Highly Purified. Pack Sizes: 5mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
Terbutaline EP Impurity B Hemisulphate
Terbutaline EP Impurity B Hemisulphate. Uses: For analytical and research use. Group: Impurity standards. CAS No. 153657-83-1. Molecular formula: C13H21NO7S. Mole weight: 335.37. Catalog: APB153657831.
Terbutaline EP Impurity C
Terbutaline EP Impurity C. Uses: For analytical and research use. Group: Impurity standards. CAS No. 139508-58-0. Molecular formula: C12H17NO3. Mole weight: 223.27. Catalog: APB139508580.
A B-Adrenergic receptor agonist. A Bronchodilator. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 2-tert-Butylamino-1- (3, 5-dihydroxyphenyl) ethanol, Brethaire, Brethine, Butaliret, Monovent, Terbasmin, Terbul. Grades: Highly Purified. Pack Sizes: 1g. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
Terbutaline Related Compound A
United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard. Group: Pharmacopeia & metrological institutes standards.
Terbutaline sulfate
Terbutaline sulfate is an orally active β 2 - adrenergic receptor agonist and an active metabolite of bambuterol [1]. Terbutaline sulfate can be used in asthma symptom research [2]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. Alternative Names: Terbutaline hemisulfate. CAS No. 23031-32-5. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 500 mg; 1 g; 5 g. Product ID: HY-B0802.
Terbutaline Sulfate
Terbutaline Sulfate is derived from the starting material, Terbutaline Hemisulfate Salt, which is a β-adrenergic receptor agonist. Alternative Names: 1-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-tert-butylaminoethanolsulphate;3-benzenediol,5-(2-((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-sulfate(2;alpha-((tert-butylamino)methyl)-3,5-dihydroxybenzylalcoholsulfate(2:1)(sa;alpha-((tert-butylamino)methyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-benzylalcohosulfate(2:1);bricanyl;Bricanyl[R];2-tert-Butylamino-1-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol, Brethaire, Brethine, Butaliret, Monovent, Terbasmin, Terbul;TERBASMIN. CAS No. 23031-32-5. Product ID: API23031325. Molecular formula: C24H40N2O10S. Mole weight: 548.65. InChIKey: KFVSLSTULZVNPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N. EINECS: 245-386-3. SMILES: C1(=CC(=CC(O)=C1)O)C(O)CNC(C)(C)C.C1(=CC(=CC(O)=C1)O)C(O)CNC(C)(C)C.S(=O)(=O)(O)O. Standard: USP/EP. Category: Antiasthmatic APIs.
Terbutaline (sulfate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Terbutaline (sulfate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Terbutaline sulfate is an orally active β 2 - adrenergic receptor agonist and an active metabolite of bambuterol [1]. Terbutaline sulfate can be used in asthma symptom research [2]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. Alternative Names: Terbutaline hemisulfate (Standard). CAS No. 23031-32-5. Pack Sizes: 25 mg; 50 mg. Product ID: HY-B0802R.
Terbutaline-(tert-butyl-d9) acetate salt hemihydrate
analytical standard. Group: Drugs & metabolites.
Terbuthylazin-desethyl
Terbuthylazin-desethyl. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Additional or Alternative Names: TERBUTHYLAZIN-DESETHYL;TERBUTHYLAZINE-DESETHYL;DESETHYLTERBUTHYLAZINE;DESETHYLTERBUTYLAZINE;2-AMINO-4-TERT-BUTYLAMINO-6-CHLORO-1,3,5-TRIAZINE;TERBUTHYLAZIN-DESETHYL PESTANAL 250 MG;Deethylterbuthylazine;2-Amino-4-tert-butylamino-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine. Product Category: Heterocyclic Organic Compound. CAS No. 30125-63-4. Molecular formula: C7H12ClN5. Mole weight: 201.66. Product ID: ACM30125634. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
Terbuthylazine
Terbuthylazine is an inhibitor of acetolactate syntase (ALS), is a selective herbicide. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 5915-41-3. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 100 mg; 500 mg. Product ID: HY-B1847.
A triazine herbicide. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 6-Chloro-N2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N4-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine; 6-Chloro-N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N'-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine; 2-Chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(tert-butylamino)-s-triazine. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 5915-41-3. Pack Sizes: 250mg. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
Terbuthylazine-[d5]
Terbuthylazine-[d5] is the labelled analogue of Terbuthylazine, which is a triazine herbicide. Synonyms: Terbuthylazine D5; 6-Chloro-N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N'-(ethyl-d5)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine. Grade: 99% atom D. CAS No. 222986-60-9. Molecular formula: C9H11D5ClN5. Mole weight: 234.74.
Terbuthylazine-[d9]
Terbuthylazine-[d9] is the labelled analogue of Terbuthylazine, which could be used as a triazine herbicide. Synonyms: Terbuthylazine D9; 6-Chloro-N2-(1,1-dimethylethyl-d9)-N4-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine. Grade: 95% by HPLC; 95% atom D. CAS No. 1346602-52-5. Molecular formula: C9H7D9ClN5. Mole weight: 238.77.
Terbuthylazine-desethyl-[d9]
Terbuthylazine-desethyl-[d9] is the labelled analogue of Desethyl Terbuthylazine. Synonyms: Terbuthylazine-desethyl D9; 6-Chloro-N2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine-d9. Grade: 95% by HPLC; 95% atom D. CAS No. 1219798-52-3. Molecular formula: C7H3D9ClN5. Mole weight: 210.71.
Terbutryn
analytical standard. Group: Pesticides & metabolites standardspesticides & metabolitesstandards for environmental regulatory methodspesticides & metabolites. Alternative Names: Terbutryn.
Terbutryn
Terbutryn is a selective herbicide and triazine compound that is absorbed by roots and leaves, acting as a photosynthesis inhibitor. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. CAS No. 886-50-0. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 500 mg. Product ID: HY-B1991.
Terbutryn
A triazine herbicide. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: N2-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-N4-ethyl-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine; 2-Ethylamino-4-methylthio-6-tert-butylamino-1,3,5-triazine. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 886-50-0. Pack Sizes: 1g. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
Terbutryn-[d9]
Terbutryn-[d9] is the labelled analogue of Terbutryn, which is a sulfur-containing triazine herbicide. Synonyms: Terbutryn D9; N2-(1,1-Dimethylethyl-d9)-N4-ethyl-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine; 2-Ethylamino-4-methylthio-6-tert-(butyl-d9)amino-1,3,5-triazine. CAS No. 1246817-01-5. Molecular formula: C10H10D9N5S. Mole weight: 250.41.
TERBUTYLAZINE-2-HYDROXY PESTANAL 250 MG. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Additional or Alternative Names: Terbutylazine-2-hydroxy, 46019_RIEDEL, 46019_FLUKA, CID5151089, 1,3,5-Triazin-2(1H)-one, 4-((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)-6-(ethylamino)-, 66753-07-9. Product Category: Heterocyclic Organic Compound. CAS No. 66753-07-9. Molecular formula: C9H16ClN5O. Mole weight: 245.712. Purity: 0.96. IUPACName: 2-(tert-butylamino)-6-(ethylamino)-1H-1,3,5-triazin-4-one. Canonical SMILES: CCNC1=NC(=O)N=C(N1)NC(C)(C)C. Density: 1.23g/cm³. Product ID: ACM66753079. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
Terciprazine
Terciprazine. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Additional or Alternative Names: Terciprazine, Terciprazinum, Terciprazina, Terciprazinum [INN-Latin], Terciprazina [INN-Spanish], CID68763, F3314-0027, (+-)-alpha-(((1-Ethynylcyclohexyl)oxy)methyl)-4-(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-1-piperazineethanol, 56693-15-3. Product Category: Heterocyclic Organic Compound. CAS No. 56693-15-3. Molecular formula: C22H29F3N2O2. Mole weight: 410.477. Purity: 0.96. IUPACName: 1-(1-ethynylcyclohexyl)oxy-3-[4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]propan-2-ol. Canonical SMILES: C#CC1(CCCCC1)OCC(CN2CCN(CC2)C3=CC=CC(=C3)C(F)(F)F)O. Density: 1.23g/cm³. Product ID: ACM56693153. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
Terconazole
Terconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal medication for the treatment of vaginal yeast infection. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Signaling pathways. Alternative Names: R42470. CAS No. 67915-31-5. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 50 mg; 100 mg. Product ID: HY-B1790.
Terconazole
United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard. Group: Pharmacopeia & metrological institutes standardspharma & vet compounds & metabolitespharma & vet compounds & metabolitesapi standardseuropean pharmacopoeia (ph. eur.)pharmaceutical toxicologypharmacopoeial standards. Alternative Names: 1-[4-[[(2RS,4SR)-2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-[(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl]-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]-4-(1-methylethyl)piperazine,Terconazole.
Terconazole
Terconazole. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 67915-31-5. Pack Sizes: 50mg, 100mg, 250mg, 500mg, 1g. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
Terconazole-d4
Terconazole-d 4 is the deuterium labeled Terconazole. Terconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal medication for the treatment of vaginal yeast infection. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Isotope-labeled compounds. Alternative Names: R42470-d4. CAS No. 1398065-50-3. Pack Sizes: 100 μg; 1 mg; 5 mg. Product ID: HY-B1790S.
Terconazole-[d4]
One of the isotopic labelled form of Terconazole, a medication indicated for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections. Synonyms: (±)-Terconazole-d4; Fungistat-d4; Gyno-Terazol-d4; NSC 331942-d4; R 42470-d4; Terazol-d4; Tercospor-d4; Termayazole-d4; Triaconazole-d4; (±)-cis-1-[4-[[2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]-4-isopropylpiperazine. Grade: 95% by HPLC; 98% atom D. CAS No. 1398065-50-3. Molecular formula: C26H27D4Cl2N5O3. Mole weight: 536.49.
Terephthalaldehyde
Terephthalaldehyde is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research [1]. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Biochemical assay reagents. Alternative Names: Terephthalaldehyde. CAS No. 623-27-8. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 500 mg. Product ID: HY-Y0425.
Terephthalaldehyde
Terephthalaldehyde. Synonyms: Benzene-1,4-dicarboxaldehyde, Terephthaldicarboxaldehyde. CAS No. 623-27-8. Product ID: CDC10-0366. Molecular formula: C8H6O2. Category: Cosmetic Preservatives. Product Keywords: Cosmetic Ingredients; Cosmetic Preservatives; Terephthalaldehyde; CDC10-0366; 623-27-8; C8H6O2; Benzene-1,4-dicarboxaldehyde, Terephthaldicarboxaldehyde; 210-784-8; MFCD00006949; 623-27-8. Purity: 0.98. Color: White. EC Number: 210-784-8. Physical State: Crystals. Quality Level: 200. Storage: Store in a cool, dry place. Keep container closed when not in use. Boiling Point: 245-248°C. Melting Point: 114-116°C. Density: 1.189 g/cm3.
Terephthalaldehyde dioxime
Crystalline, mixed isomers, 98%. Synonym: 1,4-Benzenedicarboxaldehyde dioxime. CAS No. 18705-39-0. Pack Sizes: Typically in stock: 1g, 5g. Mole weight: 164.16. MP/BP: M.P. 155 and 221. Order No: FR-2286.
Frinton Laboratories
Terephthalamidine
Terephthalamidine. Uses: Designed for use in research and industrial production. Additional or Alternative Names: 1,4-Diamidinobenzene. Product Category: Other Monomers. CAS No. 15411-54-8. Molecular formula: C8H10N4. Mole weight: 162.2 g/mol. Purity: 0.98. Product ID: ACM-MO-15411548. Alfa Chemistry ISO 9001:2015 Certified.
terephthalate 1,2-dioxygenase
Has been shown to contain a Rieske [2Fe-2S] cluster. Group: Enzymes. Synonyms: benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate 1,2-dioxygenase; 1,4-dicarboxybenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase. Enzyme Commission Number: EC 1.14.12.15. CAS No. 162032-76-0. Storage: Store it at +4 ?C for short term. For long term storage, store it at -20 ?C?-80 ?C. Form: Liquid or lyophilized powder. EXWM-0684; terephthalate 1,2-dioxygenase; EC 1.14.12.15; 162032-76-0; benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate 1,2-dioxygenase; 1,4-dicarboxybenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase. Cat No: EXWM-0684.
Terephthaldicarboxalde hyde. Group: Biochemicals. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 623-27-8. Pack Sizes: 25g, 50g, 100g, 250g, 500g. Molecular Formula: C8H6O2. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
Terephthalic acid
analytical standard. Group: Chemical classfood contact materials.
Terephthalic acid
Terephthalic acid is one isomer of the three phthalic, a precursor to the polyester PET, used to make clothing and plastic bottles. Uses: Scientific research. Group: Natural products. CAS No. 100-21-0. Pack Sizes: 10 mM * 1 mL; 500 mg; 5 g. Product ID: HY-W010098.
Terephthalic acid
500g Pack Size. Group: Adhesives, Organics, Research Organics & Inorganics. Formula: C6H4-1,4-(CO2H)2. CAS No. 100-21-0. Prepack ID 11148599-500g. Molecular Weight 166.13. See USA prepack pricing.
Terephthalic Acid
Terephthalic acid (a portmanteau of the turpentine producing tree terebinthus, and phthalic acid) is the organic compound with formula C6H4(CO2H)2. This White solid is a commodity chemical, used principally as a precursor to the polyester PET, used to make clothing and plastic bottles. Several million tonnes are produced annually. Uses: Terephthalic acid (tpa) can be synthesized from bio-based materials for a variety of s, which include the production of polyester fiber, non-fiber field, pet bottles, synthetic perfumes and medicines. terephthalic acid is used as a linker molecule in the preparation of metal organic frameworks (mofs). Group: Hydrogen storage materials metal organic frameworks (mofs)monomers. Alternative Names: TEREPHTHALIC ACID FOR SYNTHESIS; Terephthalic acid; Terephthalicacid; TEREPHTHALIC ACID/BENZENE-1,4-DICARBOXYLIC ACID; p-Phthalic acid. CAS No. 100-21-0. Pack Sizes: Packaging 5, 100, 500 g in poly bottle. Product ID: terephthalic acid. Molecular formula: 166.13. Mole weight: C8H6O4. OC(=O)c1ccc(cc1)C(O)=O. 1S/C8H6O4/c9-7 (10)5-1-2-6 (4-3-5)8 (11)12/h1-4H, (H, 9, 10) (H, 11, 12). KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N. 99%.
Terephthalic Acid
Terephthalic acid is a benzenepolycarboxylic acid with potential anti-hemorrhagic properties. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid; 1,4-Dicarboxybenzene; 4-Carboxybenzoic Acid; Amoco TA 33; NSC 36973; QTA; S-LOP; TA 33LP; TPA; WR 16262; p-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid; p-Carboxybenzoic Acid; p-Dicarboxybenzene; p-Phthalic Acid. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 100-21-0. Pack Sizes: 10g. US Biological Life Sciences.
Terephthalic Acid - Surface Coatings. SUPPLIERS TO BUSINESS CUSTOMERS ONLY.
North America & APAC
Terephthalic acid-[2,2'-13C2]
Terephthalic acid-[2,2'-13C2] is an isotope form of Terephthalic Acid. Terephthalic acid is used primarily in the production of polyethylene terephthalate polymer for the fabrication of polyester fibers and films. Synonyms: 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid-carboxyl-13C2; Terephthalic Acid-α,α-13C2. Grade: 99% atom 13C. CAS No. 121191-53-5. Molecular formula: C6[13C]2H6O4. Mole weight: 168.12.
Terephthalic acid-[2,3,5,6-d4]
Terephthalic acid-[2,3,5,6-d4] is an isotope form of Terephthalic Acid. Terephthalic acid is used primarily in the production of polyethylene terephthalate polymer for the fabrication of polyester fibers and films. Synonyms: 1,4-Benzene-d4-dicarboxylic acid; 1,4-Dicarboxybenzene-d4; 4-Carboxybenzoic-d4 Acid; Amoco TA 33-d4; NSC 36973-d4. Grade: 98% by CP; 98% atom D. CAS No. 60088-54-2. Molecular formula: C8H2D4O4. Mole weight: 170.16.
Terephthalic Acid Mono(2-bromoethyl) Ester
Terephthalic Acid Mono(2-bromoethyl) Ester. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid 1-(2-Bromoethyl) Ester. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 173550-97-5. Pack Sizes: 250mg. Molecular Formula: C10H9BrO4, Molecular Weight: 273.08. US Biological Life Sciences.
Worldwide
Terephthalic Acid, Purified
Terephthalic Acid, Purified. We stock inventory in warehouses throughout the United States, allowing us to serve customers in all regions in a timely and cost effective manner.
California
Terephthalic Acid Technical
Terephthalic Acid Technical. Group: Polymers.
Terephthalic-d4 Acid
Isotope labelled Terephthalic acid is a benzenepolycarboxylic acid with potential anti-hemorrhagic properties. Group: Biochemicals. Alternative Names: 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic-d4 Acid; 1,4-Dicarboxybenzene-d4; 4-Carboxybenzoic-d4 Acid; Amoco TA 33-d4; NSC 36973-d4; QTA-d4; S-LOP-d4; TA 33LP-d4; TPA-d4; WR 16262-d4; p-Benzenedicarboxylic-d4 Acid; p-Carboxybenzoic-d4 Acid; p-Dicarboxybenzene-d4; p-Phthalic-d4 Acid. Grades: Highly Purified. CAS No. 60088-54-2. Pack Sizes: 500mg, 1g, 5g. US Biological Life Sciences.